Macro Economic Policy in both the UK and the Europe area Research Proposal

Macro Economic Policy in both the UK and the Europe area - Research Proposal Example According to the classical point of view, the business cycles are the result of disturbances in the production and spending. The Real Business Cycle theory is the extended version of the classical theory, which sees business cycle as the result of the productivity shocks. According to the Real business cycle theory, the reduction in the productivity at temporary basis creates a declining effect on the real wages, employment level, and output and increase the interest rate and the prices. The RBC theory finds a positive relationship between the business cycle and the level of real wage, prices and the overall productivity level of Labour. On the other hand, the theory asserts a negative relationship between the price level and the business cycle. The anti-cyclical trend of the price level is taken as a failure by many of the critics of the theory. Except the productivity shocks the increase in the Government purchase also increase the employment level, the interest rate, and the price level. Hence the classical model undertakes the study of both fiscal factors and the productivity shocks. Although the fiscal policy can play its part in order to improve employment level and output the classical economists do not support the role of Government action and state that the invisible hand can adjust the market to the most efficient level. In order to understand the practical applications of all these above theories, we will undertake the comparative study of macroeconomic policy in both the UK and the Euro area.... The RBC theory finds a positive relation ship between the business cycle and the level of real wage, prices and the overall productivity level of Labour. On the other hand the theory asserts a negative relation ship between the price level and the business cycle. The anti-cyclical trend of price level is taken as failure by many of the critics of the theory. Except the productivity shocks the increase in the Government purchase also increase the employment level, the interest rate and the price level. Hence the classical model undertake the study of both fiscal factors and the productivity shocks. Although the fiscal policy can play its part in order to improve employment level and output but the classical economists do not support the role of Government action and states that the invisible hand can adjust the market to the most efficient level. In order to understand the practical applications of all these above theories we will undertake the comparative study of macro economic policy in both the UK and the Euro area. 2- Aim: The aim of this research is to examine the role of the Classical, Keynesian and Real Business Cycle theory by undertaking a comparative analysis of the macro economic policy in UK and Europe. 3-Objectives To review the literature about this issue up till now. To improve the presentation of different economic indicators. To help common people understand the importance of macroeconomic policies. To assess and evaluate the gaps in the macroeconomic policies of UK and Europe by implementing the three major theories. Provision of suitable recommendations to undertake improvement in the macroeconomic policy area. Two views about the

Liverpool: History and Cultural Values

Liverpool: History and Cultural Values 1.0 History of Liverpool Liverpool beginning was a humble origins city and it as a tidal pool next to the River Mersey in northwest England. The name of Liverpool was evolved from liter pol and it meaning that muddy pool or puddle. Thus, from early until now it has developed and grown to become the choice for visitor to visit as one of the most famous cities in United Kingdom. Liverpool as a rich city in world history and many architecture and entertainers such as singer, actor, football player and others has been produced (Lambert, 2015). The port of Liverpool was founded by King John in 1270. Recently the English conquest the Ireland and John and it also needed another port to send some people and supplies across to the Irish Sea. King John also divided the land of Liverpool into plots called burgages to let people could built houses on it. Besides, he also invited people to some Liverpool and live it. After that, there are probably around 1,000 populations live in Liverpool on the 14th century. Most of the people live in Liverpool which is farming, fishermen, craftsmen with tradesmen such as butchers, carpenters, bakers and blacksmiths. Besides, in the Middle Age, some of wine from France was imported through the Liverpool however Ireland was the main trading partner with Liverpool. Hides and skins were imported from Ireland and Liverpool also exported the iron and wool (Localwiki, 2009). In the 16th century, Ireland was still the main trading partner with Liverpool and Liverpool also started to develop the reputation for trading port. Other than that, in the 16th century and early 17th century, the port of Liverpool also gets the benefited when the number of English troops was garrison into the area prior and it was to put down the rebellions when shipped to Ireland. At this time, Liverpool was growing and the population will probably reached around 2,500 by the time of civil war in 1642 (Localwiki, 2009). Furthermore, in the 18th century, the first dock was built in the Liverpool since 1715. In the previous of Liverpool, all the ship was just simply tied up by the store and the port was grown busier on it and no longer enough. After that, there were four dock was built in the same century. Besides, the third largest port in the country behind the Bristol and London was grown by Liverpool. Since it nearest port to Manchester and Liverpool also benefited from the grown of industry. In 1776, the American War of Independence was started and it also disrupting the Liverpool’s trade. Besides, the American privateer attacked merchant shipping from British trading with the West Indies and also capturing cargoes and the ships (Lambert, 2015). For the next century, all the Liverpool’s amenities was improved and many impressive public buildings and structures appear throughout the town such as Philharmonic Hall built in 1849, the Central Library built in 1852, St Georges Hall built in 1854, William Brown library built in 1860, Stanley Hospital built in 1867 and Walker Art Gallery built in 1877. Thus, the Stanley Park was opened in 1870 and Sefton Park was built in 1872. Other than that, in 1880 the Liverpool officially becomes a city. Besides, at the same time the population has increased beyond 600,000 (Lambert, 2015). In the 20th century, during World War II, Liverpool was represented an obvious target both as an active manufacturing centre and as a strategic port. Besides, it was also become Britain‘ssecond bombed city. Thus, almost 4,000 people were killed and more than half of the city was reduced to rubble. Furthermore, in the later 20th century, Liverpool was suffered a severe nationwide recession in 1970’s and 1980’s and it also rioting on the streets and high unemployment in the same time. After 1980’s, the city was started bounce back and all the dock areas would be redevelopment and new growth with invigorated (Johnson, 2015). Lastly, in the present future, Liverpool was still thriving and in 2001 The National Wild Flower Centre was opened. Then in 2008, Liverpool was the European Capital of Culture. Other than that, Joe Anderson was the first elected mayor of Liverpool in 2012 and today Liverpool’s population was beyond 465,000 (Lambert, 2015). 2.0 Reason of chosen city For the reason I choose Liverpool city because it was the world-class tourist with more galleries and museums anywhere outside of London. The city knows as a Beatles’ hometown and it is also designated UNESCO World Heritage City. Besides, Liverpool has some city’s greatest cultural institutions such as architecture, world-class music, theatre, art and others. People those who live in Liverpool love to attend the bursting cultural event and they also took part as their cultural activities. From grass-roots through to large-scale events, there is something for everyone in Liverpool and the wider City Region (Merseyside, 2015). There are many attractions in the city and it is also a place to visit when travel to the Liverpool. The attractions included The Beatles Story, The Bluecoat, Tate Liverpool, Liverpool World Museum, Open Eye Gallery, FACT (Foundation for Art and Creative Technology), The Museum of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Walker Art Gallery and other s (The Culture Trip, 2015). The most impressive in Europe is Liverpool’s collection of museum. The Beatles Story is one of Liverpool famous band in the world and it is also immensely proud to be birthplace in the city. Albert Dock is an iconic museum set place for The Beatles Story and it also let the visitors on â€Å"times, music and an unforgettable journey into the lives of The Beatles Story†. Other than that, The Bluecoat described as Liverpool’s creative hub and it also presenting world-class performances in visual art, live art, literature, dance and music. In short, The Bluecoat is one of the pinnacles in the city as a contemporary arts scene. Liverpool World museum, the Museum of Liverpool, Merseyside Maritime Museum, International Slavery Museum and others are located around the Albert Dock and this all are the most famous museum for people visit (Visit Liverpool, 2015). Furthermore, Tate Liverpool also one of attraction in city and it is top ranking art gallery and museum in the United Kingdom. Inside the Tate Liverpool has 16th century until today artworks for permanent collection displays. This is practitioner most excited to the temporary display providing the most advanced exhibitions. Besides, Tate Liverpool also use talk, film screening and others to held the fantastic educational events to adults and children. Tate Liverpool just the one of gallery in the city and still have other gallery to attract people going for it such as Open Eye Gallery, FACT (Foundation for Art and Creative Technology), Walker Art Gallery, and others (Visit Liverpool, 2015). In addition, the most impressive in Europe is Liverpool’s Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. It has been promoted as one of the UK’s most forward-looking music organizations. The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic is performance the world-class orchestral as well as chamber and choir music concerts. The organization wants to train the talent and also support their musical careers (The Culture Trip, 2015). This is the reason why I choose the city and there are many attractions for me to look for itto understand their city’s culture and value. Liverpool is one of the famous city in Europe and also has many areas that different with other city. 3.0 The Significance of the City Liverpool is significance and international standing history city as well as it is contemporary and historical cultural achievements in the field of sport and music to celebrated by global. Other than that, Liverpool is also an eminent historic role in international seaport from early 18th century to early 20th century for outstanding universal value. This is proof that the role of surviving urban landscape (Green, 2015). In the period from early 18th century to early 20th century, the fundamental for human society had been changed by worldwide. For these changes, Liverpool has played major role with it especially to the New World and it also through to involve in development of world trade, the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution and the mass movement of people. Thus, Liverpool also described as pioneering city and made it an international leader in the field of dock technology to development of innovation for tradition. Besides, it includes the transport systems, port management and building construction methods for the tradition of innovation development (Green, 2015). On the other hand, Liverpool is integration and complete urban landscape which is comprises many heart of Liverpool city. It also provides the city coherent evidence and tangible of significance and historic character. Thus, the nomination site contain architectural legacy and it also has cultural collections and historian’s rich cultural legacy (Green, 2015). In the 21th century, the city is at the forefront of urban renaissance and contains many successful and pioneering in the historic context for urban renaissance. The inscription nomination is an important step in the continuing regeneration of the city (Green, 2015). 4.0 Cultural Culture Values Every country had their own culture and value by citing real and especially Eastern and Western country are totally different in cultural and value. The different cultural and value included language, communication, custom, religion, concept of face, group orientation and others. All of this can different the Eastern and Western country cultural and value. In this assignment, I will compared the differences between Liverpool and Malaysia in their cultural and value. Liverpool is one of the United Kingdom’s cities which are the cultural and value will follow the United Kingdom. Language The language in United Kingdom basically does not have official language constitution but the main language will be English. This is because most of the populationgot 70% spoken English and thus it becomes facto official language. It also got other local language such as Irish, Welsh,Cornish, Gaelic, Ulster Scots and British Sign Language. Much immigration would like go to the country find works or get better life so immigration naturally brings a lot of foreign language from all over the world. On the other hand, in Malaysia, there are three languages which are Malay, Chinese and India because Malaysia is multiracial country so basically the three languages will be use for each resident in country. But the official language would be the Malay language and it is also translates as â€Å"Malaysian Language†. The main language was introduced by National Language Act 1967. Most of government official and academics will revertto the Federal Constitution used in Malay version which is â€Å"Bahasa Melayu† (Kwintessential, 2014). Communication Style The communication style for the United Kingdom is direct communication and understatement as well as it is interesting mix communication style. When United Kingdom people communicate with other people will see as equal to themselves in class or rank. The United Kingdom is direct but modest. In Malaysia, the communication style is relying on non-verbal communication such as facial expressions, tone of voice, body language and others to maintain harmonious relations. This communication style tends to be indirect and subtle. Malay people won’t make the direct statement and they will hint at a point to talk with people because they feel that sometimes direct communication will might lead the person lose face. Besides, silence is also important element of Malaysian communication. They will do any pause before responding the question that means they would consider their respond carefully (Kwintessential, 2014). Gift Giving Etiquette When United Kingdom people exchanges gift with their family and friends, they will giving on birthday and Christmas only. The gift not to be so expensive but it also tries to find something that recipient’s interest. If people want visit other people home, it normally prepare a box of good chocolate, a good wine or flower to the person. Then, the gift is always opened when received. For the Malaysian people because there are three races in the country so every gift for the race will be different. For Malay people, they never give alcohol, do not give the toy dog and pig to children, do not give anything made by pigskin, avoid white wrapping paper as it symbolizes death and mourning and others. This is because the Malay cultural is different so everyone must respect to it. Besides, if want give the food for Malay people must be â€Å"halal† food. â€Å"Halal† word mean that permissible for Muslims. Other than that, if the gift giving to Chinese people and it is re fused before accept mean that resident is not greedy and it is also their traditional and cultural. Chinese people also emphasize the colour meaning which is black, white and blue mean in mourning and red, pink and yellow mean that happy. For the India people, they also emphasize the colour because they feel that different have different meaning such as red, green, yellow or other bright colour can bring the good fortune. If anyone want give the flower to India people as a gift, avoid give the frangipani because this flower they used in funeral wreaths. In short, this three race have the same feeling that the gift is generally not opened when receiving to represent they respect the giver (Kwintessential, 2014). Meeting and Greeting In the United Kingdom country, the residents have their own meeting and greeting. The common form of greeting is shake hand when first meet up and avoid prolonged eye contact because it will makes people feel uncomfortable. Besides, they also introduce a younger people to the elder people and lower status person to higher status person. When two people are similar in rank and age, they will introduce the one you know better. On the other hand, in Malaysia, the greeting in social context will depends on which ethnicity person to meeting. In general, most of Malay people will aware that shake hand is normal but for their cultural would slight different. Malay people could not be shake hand with heterosexual and they just only can shake with homosexual then after shake hand they must placing their hand on their heart represent they respect the person. For the Chinese people shake hand will be light and prolonged. Thus, Indian can shake hand with homosexual and when introduce with hetero sexual they just can smile and nodding the head is usually sufficient (Kwintessential, 2014). 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, we can see that the history of Liverpool from early 14th century until the present future and understand how the Liverpool become the famous city in England. In the history, we also can know that much architecture had been built in different dock and every of architecture has their own story. Liverpool can be said that is no one knows about it to evolve until today famous city in England. All this is their Liver historical experience. Besides, there are also some attraction for me to interest know about their city and cultural value such as The Beatles Story, The Bluecoat, Tate Liverpool, Liverpool World Museum, Open Eye Gallery and others. All of this is their attraction place for people to visit and also enjoy their local customs. This is because Western country has totally different cultural with our Eastern country and this is chance to let us know about the Western country cultural and what the different with our country. It can improve our knowledge too. Lastly, the cultural and culture values would be different like what mention in above and different ethnicity of person have their own different cultural and also everyone must respect for each cultural.

Events Surrounding Josephus writing Description of the Roman Army Essay

â€Å"This account I have given the reader, not so much with the intention of commending the Romans, as of comforting those that have been conquered by them, and for the deterring others from attempting innovations under their government. This discourse of the Roman military conduct may also perhaps be of use to such of the curious as are ignorant of it, and yet have a mind to know it.† –excerpt from â€Å"Description of the Roman Army,† by Josephus Josephus, a Jewish priest, was said to be hated by his Jewish people for the relationship he held with Rome and the Romans hated him because of his ties to the Jewish faith. His writings have been criticized as being nothing more than Pro-Roman propaganda. Born in the year 37 C.E., a few years after the time of Jesus, Josephus was born Joseph ben Mattathius, in Jerusalem. He grew up in the Early Common Era, during the time the Romans occupied his Jewish homeland. His father was a priest and his mother was of royal descent. He was well educated, fluent in both Hebrew and Aramaic and spoke but could barely write in Greek and Latin. By the age of 14, he was being consulted by high priests in the matters of Jewish law. He was a very intelligent, young man. He was a Jewish priest, a scholar, and a historian. In his early twenties, Josephus was called away to Rome to negotiate the release of some priests being held hostage by Emperor Nero. Upon his return, he found that his nation had begun a revolution with the Romans. He was then drafted into becoming commander of the revolutionary forces of Galilee. He spent more time trying to work out internal problems than fighting the Roman Army. When Jotapata, the city he was defending, was taken over by Roman General Vespasian, he and h... ...rationalized that he might’ve done whatever he could to please his captures. I believe that from reading â€Å"The Description of the Roman Army,† that Josephus really, truly, admired the Roman Army. He did believe them to be superior organization. He described their nature as being a â€Å"perfect discipline† and described them as very efficient. He goes on to say that â€Å"their opponents cannot match theses qualities.† It is understandable that his own people would consider him a traitor, because he is glorifying the Roman Army, the army that destroyed his people. This is a historical document, however accurate or inaccurate it might be, it is one of the very few pieces of writing we have from back in the time of the Jewish war. It is highly influential. I think it’s a very interesting piece of history. It gives us some perspective into this classical period in time.

Building an Ethical Organization Part 2 Essay

Individual: Building an Ethical Organization Part 1 The name of my organization is Focus Mental Health and Developmental Agency Focus is an agency that provides help and compassion to people that are going through a mental health issue whether it is needing counseling, support, or medication treatment Focus is your path to peace of mind. Substance abuse is another issue that we address from helping to get assistance to go into inpatient treatment facility, or outpatient treatment, as well as Aftercare which is a support program for clients being fresh out of drug or alcohol treatment or stopping using on their own. Recovery program that can be provided through Focus for continued success at a productive life for clients. Recovery is a life altering event because the client will be drug or alcohol free for a certain amount of time but will constantly be on a mission to stay free from these addictions. We have case managers who do home visits as well as office visits to stay on top of our clients’ needs before they become a crisi s. We promote medication therapy which assists clients in staying on a strict medication regiment for mental health and some substance abuse treatments as well when necessary. Groups for substance and alcohol abuse meet weekly, the meeting are separated in to one for teenagers and one for adults as well as one for narcotics and one for alcohol abuse. Focus also has a team that works in human services call the impact team which do such things as take the clients grocery shopping, or to appointments or out to functions in town and even to visit family members they are up close and personal with the clients. The clientele for Focus will be children starting at age 10 and up through adulthood. The clients are high in number in male and female ratio, meaning we service high numbers of both genders. Clientele for Focus consist of primarily low income clients but is open to all residents of Richmond County. Children and adults that may be going through a turning point in their lives and ne ed some assistance in adapting to the changes and probably have no other place  to turn are much of Focus clientele. Within our substance abuse programs many of our clients are repeaters they have had some type of counseling or treatment in the past, the clients are children as well as adults. Much of our clientele is involved in long term care phases with Focus they are in need of support in their lives, medications and usually involved in aftercare or recovery. Mental health issues brings many clients to Focus, they sometimes come straight from the hospital to the offices of Focus they are usually in great need of care. Our clientele is very diverse we have to be prepared for almost anything from getting someone to speak another language to clients to giving a child a hug. Focus is a non-profit organization, but we do bring in an income by charging for services, on a sliding fee scale, services maybe free for those who qualify, or clients can setup a payment plan, but the rates are according to income and ability to pay. Focus has to charge a small fee to cover their bills and overhead to stay in business and grow and continue to service the Richmond County area. Focus is not in business to get wealthy but to make a difference in the lives of our clients and the community. The issue of Focus is to support an issue of private or public interest that does not include a monetary value. Mission Statement: Focus gracefully and respectfully service adults and children that may be at a turning point in their life and are having mental health and/or substance abuse issues, as well as people in any phase of relapse. Focus particularly caters to low income people but all are welcome, we serve the county of Richmond. Our goal is to provide our clients with the knowledge, treatment and support so they can return to a life of independence, good health and wellbeing; and Focus encourages and support clients in their aftercare and recovery as needed. We do not discriminate against anyone needing service for any reason; we are made up of a diverse society at Focus. The mission statement supports the ethical system because Focus not only will treat the clients and bring them around to better health and not only that Focus will make sure that the clients learns the tools they need to stay healthy and recover, and continue on a path to independence again. The mission statement supports the ethical s ystem because it calls for diversity which is a big part of the clients that come to the agency and the staff. The  message the mission statement send to the community is that we are here for you, to help you, support you and see that your needs are met. Focus will be with you through your journey and for the long term until you are able to become more manageable in your life. That during your need for Focus services you can count on us and we will teach you how to take the best care of yourself with and without our assistance. Drohan William M, (June 2010) wrote a successful statement becomes a unifying force, a foundation on which to build, and a reference point for everything the association does. Its well worth the time to make sure it is written in such a way that it will serve as a guide and an inspiration for many years to come. Values statement: At Focus we value and treat everyone that comes through our doors with mutual respect and dignity. We will have acceptance of all people regardless if there is any kind of difference between us, we will always embrace diversity. Focus will respect each client’s privacy by protecting their medical records at all times, and allowing only staff directly involved with client care to view records. There will be no room for sexual harassment of clients or staff. Kernaghan, K. (2003) writes, A values statement expressing values that are shared at all organizational levels-combined with the dispersal of leadership roles throughout the organization-provides an especially strong foundation for integrating values into public service. These values will inspire action and influence behavior because it states that you will be treated with mutual respect, so clients will know to be on their best behavior and staff will know that also as well as being professional at all times. By accepting d iversity that lets all clients know that they are welcome, important and will be getting equal treatment. The clients will feel protected knowing their medical records are kept confidential and they will not be sexually harassed during their visit. They both call for treating the clients with mutual respect, regardless of any type of differences that maybe. Values and mission statements both state that they are for diversity so it includes people, make people want to come forward and get care. Knowledge and support for the clients is a part of the values statement as well as the mission statement. Long term care is part of each statement which would usually be necessary for Mental Health and Substance abuse treatment. The mission statement and the values  statement in different ways states that they want the best for the clients, want them to get the best service or treatment available at Focus, so they can be their best. Code of Ethics All employees will abide by these codes of ethics at all times (except when necessary not to), we will present good conduct ourselves at all times to be a credit to the organization and the community we serve. Yi-Hui, Haung, (2010) states, First, responding to the argument that ethics codes are not an effective indicator of professionalism, I believe that a code of ethics is part of the standards that must be fulfilled for an â€Å"occupation† to be a â€Å"profession,† especially for public relations. 1.All staff should attempt to meet the needs of their clients, including committing to and respecting client rights and maintaining confidentiality at all times, except in special cases. 2.Staff should be knowledgeable in a variety of areas and situations in order to be able to effectively perform their duties in human services. 3.All staff must work well with their peers and should show mutual respect for one another, and avoid negative criticism. 4.All staff must carry themselves in a professional manner at all times and must not let their personal lives interfere with being professional on the job. 5.All staff should work for the benefit of society and make sure that all clients equal rights are protected and have an opportunity for helpful services that meet their need. 6.Staff will not argue with clients or other staff if a situation should come up between either of the two it must be taken to the supervisor and dealt with directly if the situation cannot be handle in any other fashion 7.All staff must vow to speak up if they see or know of another employee that is violating the codes of ethics, the law, or a client these matters must be addressed with your immediate supervisor. 8.The use of drugs will not be tolerated, and the use of alcohol while on the clock will not be tolerated either, if you suspect another employee report it, it is for the safety and protection of the organization. 9.All employees should exercise their power to prevent m istakes or wrongdoing by asking questions at the right time. 10.All staff should respect the property of others, be honest and not take unfair advantage of other employees. The code of ethics inspires a tangible outcome from an employee because they will want to be the best example for the organization and their peers. The  code of ethics would cause the employee to check their work more carefully and make sure it is done correctly and by the law as well as dealing with the clients. The code also helps the employees feel protected, because it sets rules and guidelines for the employees and all must abide by them equally. The code of ethics is related to the mission and values of the organization because they are there to co-inside with each other for the direction of the organization, and the protection of the clients and staff. All three are necessary for the good of the organization, the focus and the goal to be effective. Our organization plans on having a relaxing, calm, approachable family oriented culture. The atmosphere will be calming, loud noise will be prevented as much as possible, and we tell our clients to invite a family member if possible to the appointments. Our staff will carry themselves in a professional, plight and clam manner in order to set an example for the clients, so they will not get excited. The culture will institutionalize the organizations values by having them mesh together. When the clients see how the environment of the organization is they will be more than willing to come to their appointments regularly and participate in their treatment and perhaps invite a family member. Even though this will be a change for the clients from an institution staff will do everything to help them adjust. Focus employees will treat everyone with dignity, respect, honest, and kindness this is the type of atmosphere we represent. Identifying my moral responsibility as a leader is of importance, because the workers will be watching and imitating the kind of behavior that I display, the leader sets the mood in the environment in the whole organization. I will be responsible for all action that I take part in, and be honest and truthful in all my actions. While trying to maintain the ethical standard I will be evaluating their performance in six month intervals and on their anniversary date. For the six month if no problems the employee will get a gift card to a store and for the anniversary day they get a raise. I will have a one on one meeting to talk about their performance evaluation and their strengths and weakness and how they can improve during their job. I will keep a record of all evaluation so I can assist workers in being the best employee they can be. I will lead by example. Part of my moral responsibility is to lead the worker to the best of my abilities. I wil l make sure that I set the same kind of ethical  standards that I would like for my workers to follow. Morals have to do with values and values relate to compassion, integrity, and dignity and these are things that I will display while I am in a leadership role. I will maintain Focus ethical standard while measuring the workers performance by treating all employees as individuals and as fair as possible. There will be an ethics committee which will consist of the me, my boss and one employee so the employees will have a voice. The ethics committee will review the evaluations to make sure all rule and guidelines have been followed and the committee will study different methods and organization policy to look for what is right and what is wrong. Other than me leading by example and the ethics committee the workers will follow suit and become loyal employees. The structures I would put in place for oversight is training for employees, evaluate new employees the first six months of em ployment. In conclusion the mission and value statements and the code of ethics form the core of Focus is something that clients and employees can value in the organization. They serve as a guiding tool for employees so they can give their clients the best service practically every time. Effective leadership is necessary for morale and production in the organization and that comes from a good leader. Performance evaluations will play an important role in the structure of the employee’s positions. Periodical performance evaluations are necessary in order to evaluate the performance of the employees and maintain an ethical standard. The Focus is a place where people with mental health issues and/or substance abuse issues can come for help and get their needs met and feel safe. References Drohan, W. M. (1999, January). Writing a mission statement. Association missions statement; writing, 51(1), 1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/229219642? Kernaghan, K. (2003). Integrating values in to public services: The value statement as a centerpiece. Public Administration Review, 63(6), 711-719. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy..apollolibrary.com/docview/197169756? Huang, Y. (2010, June). Should a public relations code of efforts be enforced.. Journal of Business Ethics, 31(3), 259-270. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.exproxy.apollolibrary

Democratic Overload Explained Essay

Federalism and the separation of powers mean that there are numerous elections at different levels of government and for different offices as well as primaries and direct democracy. Americans vote ‘for the president to the local dog catcher’ in 80,000 units of government, leading to ‘permanent’ campaigns and ‘bed-sheet ballots’, leading to a sense of ‘democratic overload’ due to more than 100,000 elections taking place annually which may lead to voter fatigue, higher alienation levels and abstention through too many participation opportunity’s. In the USA, candidates for office are not chosen by the parties, but by voters in primaries and caucuses. This is the nomination process which take place every 4 years for the presidential election and every 2 years for the mid term congressional elections. The huge number of elections for a wide range of posts from the president down to local civic officials and the resulting sense of permanent campaigning causes voters to switch off leading to high abstention due to voter apathy and boredom. Although more people do participate in the nominating process than 40 years ago, the turnout in the presidential primaries vary from one election cycle to another. In a year when an incumbent president is running for re-election and therefore only one party has a genuine nomination contest, turnout in the primaries is only around 17%. It was 17.5% in 1996 when president Clinton was running for re-election, and 17.2% in 2004, when George w. bush was running for re-election. Even when no incumbent president was running in 2000, turnout was still only 19%. However, in 2008, with no incumbent president and a highlight competitive race in the Democratic Party between a women and an African American, turnout soared to just over 30%. Democratic overload leads to voter fatigue, high alienation levels and abstention, as the process is far too long. In 1960, senator John Kennedy announced his candidacy for the presidency just 66 days before the first primary. In readiness for the 2004 campaign, senator John Kerry announced his candidacy 423 days before the first primary. Barack Obama in 2008 also announced his candidacy 332 days before the first primary. Democratic overload is one reason for the law turnouts of us elections. Apart from the federal and state elections, there are also the primary and caucus elections and increasingly voters are invited to vote on initiatives, propositions at local level and possibly in recall elections. For example, The 2003 California gubernatorial recall election was a special election permitted under California state law. It resulted in voters replacing incumbent Democratic Governor Gray Davis with Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger. This could be contrasted with other democracies, such as the UK, where the opportunities to vote are far more restricted.

Cortes and the Burning of the Boats at Vera Cruz essays

Cortes and the Burning of the Boats at Vera Cruz essays In 1519, Capitan Hernando Cortes and a small army left the Spanish-held island of Cuba and set out on one of the greatest conquests in the history of the world. Cortes was going to accomplish his goals no matter the consequences. He put to death some of those who opposed him, got himself appointed Capitan-General in order to get out from under Diego Velazquezs authority, and even destroyed his fleet in an attempt to motivate his men to adapt to his at-all-costs attitude. The destruction of the ships has been widely studied and is still debated today. The dispute is not if he destroyed his ships, but how and to what extent. Many sources claim that Cortes had the ships destroyed secretly. Very few state that Cortes told his men of his intent; but Bernal Diaz tells that Cortes was advised by his men to destroy his ships. (Diaz, 131) Diaz states, . . . we who were his friends advised him . . . not to leave a single ship in port, but to destroy them all immediately, in order to leave no cause of trouble behind. (Diaz, 130) Diaz goes on to say, The ships were destroyed with our full knowledge and not . . . in secret. (Diaz, 131) Salvador De Madariaga suggests that Cortes planted some friends to advise him to destroy his fleet; thus, at least some of the soldiers knew of the plan. (Madariaga, 156) He also says that Cortes was in Cempoal at the time for clemency. (Madariaga, 155) Jacob Abbott wrote that most of the soldiers were in Zempoalla and suggests that Cortez acted without them knowing. (Abbott, 126) John Manchip White states, This drastic action was performed secretly. (White, 185) Francisco L opez de Gomara said that Cortes begged the sailing masters to spread a story about the ships being decayed and no longer seaworthy. He also alleges, . . . that his companions might prevent it, as the doubtless would have done if the realized what he had in mind. (Gomar...

Bisbee deportation essays

Bisbee deportation essays The Bisbee deportation event was not only a pivotal point in 1917 on Arizonas labor history but it also had a great contribution on labor activities throughout the country. The Bisbee event was an event that led to labor movement by copper miners in Bisbee, Arizona, even though it all started as a dispute between the miners and the miner companies over high risk jobs and poorly paid wages it turned out into a strike. It all started during World War I when the price of copper reached unprecedented heights and the companies reaped enormous profits, Bisbee was booming with five thousand miner workers. The mining companies controlled Bisbee and depended on the miner workers but the problem was that they had Mexicans and European immigrants working the mines with low pay even though it was better paid than what they could earn in any outside job in Bisbee. So The Industrial Workers of The World (I.W.W.) took action and presented some demands including improvements in safety, working conditions and discrimination. The copper companies refused all the I.W.W. demands, so the workers went on strike having roughly half of the Bisbee work force on strike. As tensions heighten, two so called vigilant groups Workmans loyalty league and the Citizens Protective League took action and about 2000 deputies got together wearing white armbands to distinguish themselves from the strikers. By 6:30 in the morning, vigilant groups rounded up and men were roused from their beds, houses and from the streets, they rounded about 1000 men and gave them the opportunity to quit the strike and would be released. Hardly any one quit the strike, so a train arrived and took them all to Columbus, New Mexico but had to turn back once they realized there was no accommodation for all these men, the train traveled back and stopped at Heramanas, New Mexico and abandoned them their with no food nor shelter until the US troops ...

Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit - Conversion Table

Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit - Conversion Table You probably dont have a thermometer that has Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit all listed, and even if you did, it wouldnt be helpful outside of its temperature range. What do you do when you need to convert between temperature units? You can look them up on this handy chart or you can do the math using simple weather conversion equations. Temperature Unit Conversion Formulas Theres no complicated math required to convert one temperature unit to another. Simple addition and subtraction will get you through conversions between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales. Fahrenheit involves a bit of multiplication, but its nothing you cant handle. Just plug in the value you know to get the answer in the desired temperature scale using the appropriate conversion formula: Kelvin to Celsius: C K - 273 (C K - 273.15 if you want to be more precise) Kelvin to Fahrenheit: F 9/5(K - 273) 32 or F 1.8(K - 273) 32 Celsius to Fahrenheit: F 9/5(C) 32 or F 1.80(C) 32 Celsius to Kelvin: K C 273 (or K C 271.15 to be more precise) Fahrenheit to Celsius: C (F - 32)/1.80 Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K 5/9(F - 32) 273.15 Remember to report Celsius and Fahrenheit values in degrees. There is no degree using the Kelvin scale. Temperature Conversion Table Kelvin Fahrenheit Celsius Significant Values 373 212 100 Boiling point of water at sea level 363 194 90 353 176 80 343 158 70 333 140 60 56.7C or 134.1F is the hottest temperature recorded on Earth at Death Valley, California on July 10, 1913 323 122 50 313 104 40 303 86 30 293 68 20 Typical room temperature 283 50 10 273 32 0 Freezing point of water into ice at sea level 263 14 -10 253 -4 -20 243 -22 -30 233 -40 -40 Temperature where Fahrenheit and Celsius are equal 223 -58 -50 213 -76 -60 203 -94 -70 193 -112 -80 183 -130 -90 -89C or -129F is the coldest temperature recorded on Earth at Vostok, Antarctica, July 1932 173 -148 -100 0 -459.67 -273.15 absolute zero References Ahrens (1994) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign World: Highest Temperature, World Meteorological Organization, Arizona State University, retrieved March 25, 2016. World: Lowest Temperature, World Meteorological Organization, ASU, retrieved March 25, 2016.

Allowing Teenage Driving before the Age of Eighteen Essay

Allowing Teenage Driving before the Age of Eighteen - Essay Example Accidents due to teenage driving in this group are more in comparison to accidents from other age groups. III. Teenage drivers below the age of eighteen years have very poor driving skills, which disregard all the rules. A. Drunk driving is a major issue associated with teenagers below the age of eighteen years. It is crucial to note that alcohol impairs once mind affecting their coordination and thinking. B. Parents’ failure to be strict on the rules made teenagers below the age of eighteen years fail to observe even the most of basic rules like using the seatbelts. IV. Most teenagers in this age group do not understand the complexity involved in driving. A. Teenagers’ social and emotional development of their minds is immature in comparison with that of an adult. B. They are vulnerable to distraction and peer influence. V. Teenagers below the age of eighteen years should drive. A. Some members of this group are mature, responsible, and dependable. In effect, locking p rohibiting them from driving is discriminatory. VI. No teenager should drive. B. The dependable and responsible teenagers in this group are a minority. In effect, none should drive. VII. In conclusion, accidents resulting from teenage driving result to half of the causes of the deaths in this group. In effect, none should drive since allowing them to drive puts them at a risk of vulnerabilities. Allowing Teenage Driving before the Age of Eighteen Years In the current world, characterized by the information and the knowledge economy, the debate about the right age to drive has remained in the public domain for a period. In fact, different countries have enacted different legislation regarding the right, or rather the legal, age for driving. Indeed, most people agree that the art of driving does not require the skills learned in a driving school only. Rather, one of the most important requirements of a skilled driver is good decision-making at all times, and in other cases within a sp lit of a second. However, good decision-making skills are not skills that an individual learns in a driving school. In fact, good decision-making skills are inherent in an individual with the maturity level being a significant determinant. While some people argue that teenagers below the age of eighteen years should drive since some are mature, this essay posits that teenagers below eighteen years should not drive since they are vulnerable to risks associated with driving. A 1983 study by Karpf and Williams observed, â€Å"Nearly half the deaths of male and female 16–18 year olds in the United States resulted from motor vehicle use† (as cited in William & Lund, 1986). However, recent research by Chen, Baker, Braver, and Li (2000), noted that the deaths of this age group due to accidents stood at 36% towards the end of the last century. Nevertheless, this percentage is a manifestation of a grim scenario concerning licensing of teenage driving below the age of eighteen y ears. Therefore, prohibiting driving amongst this group would help reduce the number of deaths by a big percentage in this vital group. While observing that the statistics were from a developed country and their application to other countries may differ, it is essential to note that these dynamics may apply to any nation regardless of its development. In this regard, teenagers' dynamics are common or

Topics in Physical Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Topics in Physical Chemistry - Essay Example The understanding of chemical equilibrium has also advanced by different research studies thereby bringing new knowledge. Through exploration of different studies on the topic, this paper presents current study from peer reviewed journals and how research advance the studies in chemical equilibrium and its application. The use of computer simulations in the study of simple and long chain chemical reactions has also beenexplored. Finally, the paper explores the law of thermodynamics and how it applies to chemical equilibrium. Introduction Chemical reactions involve reactants and interacting under certain conditions to produce a product. It refers to the process of transforming a set of chemical compounds or substances to another or others with totally different identities. It involves the changes of the position of electrons with regards to formation or breaking of the bonds while the original elements always remain the same. Since there is no change in the original elements present, a chemical reaction can always be represented by an equation. Reagents or reactants are the initial substances that participate in a chemical reaction thus during a chemical reaction, there is always a change. This is because the new products exhibit different properties. New products may have differences with regard to physical, biological or chemical properties depending on the nature of chemical reaction. Chemical reaction equation must have the starting materials (reactants), conditions for reaction, intermediate products and finally the end products. However, there are certain chemical reactions that are very simple and do not need to pass through the intermediate product in order to get to the final product. In a chemical equation, we may have two different types of chemical reaction as well. Chemical reaction that takes place according to concentration and temperature at a specific rate is called non spontaneous while one that require no other conditions except thermal energy is known as spontaneous. This principle forms the basis of calculating the rate of reaction as well as managing it. In this respect, non spontaneous reaction is very slow and thus requires an additional energy or catalyst to increase its rate. Objective of the Study The objective of this study is to explore different literature and explore the current studies in chemical equilibrium. This paper aims at exploring studies in academic journals mainly focusing on equilibrium constant and its application in different industries. Chemical Reaction Chemical reactions can be well illustrated by chemical equations. Chemical equations consist of two or more reactants on the left side and the resultant products of that particular reaction on the right side. An arrow at the middle of the equation always represents the direction of reaction which can be either to the right or to the left depending on the conditions. It is therefore important to note that most chemical reactions are reversible r eactions. This is often represented by a double arrow which points on the both sides. The meaning of this is that products can also produce reactants depending on the concentrations and certain conditions. aA + bB cC + dD Irreversible reactions aA + bB cC + dD Reversible reactions The above equations shows the basic principle of a chemical reaction where A and B substances react to produce C and D substances. However, a, b, c and d

Organization of nazarene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization of nazarene - Essay Example nternational headquarters was in Kansas City, Missouri, since 2008 the location of Global Ministry Center is Prairie Star Parkway, Lenexa, Kansas (Ingersol 65). The Church puts together congregational and Episcopal policies to come up with the ‘representative’ government. The feature that is silent in this structure is the power that is shared between the clergy and the people as well as between the denomination and the local church. The Assembly acts as the supreme doctrine creating, lawmaking, and one with the elective authority according to the constitution of the church (Ingersol 87). It is made up with representatives from denomination’s district worldwide. General Superintendent is the highest elected office. The local church is the basic unit of organization and it can either be church type mission or an organized church. Local congregations are divided administratively into geographical districts. The Church is usually associated with higher education; it provides college/university (students), faculty leadership, administrative, and spiritual and financial support. The church college/university is an important part of the church and a fraction of every local church’s and district budget is put towards Nazarene higher

Create a staffing plan for a job position Essay

Create a staffing plan for a job position - Essay Example o assist the patients in taking the healthy intake and treat their illnesses by fulfilling any nutritional deficiencies that might occur in their bodies. Normally, the nutritionists are required 24 hours a day, all days a week, but surely the work schedules correspond to the different shifts as per schedule. Some of the issues arising from a full time job are the hectic and painful schedule of meeting the timely meal requirements of the patients, the vigilance required in the process throughout in supervising and also in the planning process. Besides, all the staff should be provided with adequate training; the job not only requires the nutritionist related skill but management skills are also important as the nature of the job is such that it requires managing the people including the chef, the kitchen people and also dealing with the purchasing agents for the required accessories and components of the meal for the patients. The working conditions for nutritionists are usually in pleasant surroundings. They might be sometimes expected to work in kitchens that may be steamy, might occasionally require them to be on their feet for extended periods of time. They work in offices, hospital kitchens, or college classrooms. They come into contact with other professional people as well as with kitchen personnel, clerical staff, students, patients, and a wide variety of other people. They should have management ability, an aptitude for science, good health, imagination, and the ability to get along well with others.2 The job of the nutritionist includes first identifying the nutritional status of each patient by gathering the subjective information the patients’ records, their attendants or the guardians. They also counsel their subjects about their nutritional needs and provide them with information that can help them prevent their current problems and in future also avoid the medical problems that they have. Another part of their job is to train and conduct

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example On the other hand, the huge size of the company is also a great problem. Above all, their distributors are not feeling good to work with them. Taking the above statement in which the company’s strength and weakness are shown the very first step the company should adopt is to launch a cost-leadership strategy. This strategy requires such steps that will lower its operational cost. As mentioned above that they have old manufacturing plants, showing that they lack technological advancement. The company needs to enhance their technological advancement that will lower their labor cots. The labor cost in western countries is very high. The famous companies are now substituting human labor with latest CNC machines. These machines have more operational productivity and provide flexibility. Therefore, company needs to enhance their technologies and should place new plant rather the old one. This technological advancement will provide sufficient affect on the cordless product thus improving the sales of cordless. As the company does not know clearly about its market share and for this they have to develop Research & Developme nt department for efficient research on the market in order to know the exact information. The company must adopt the vertical integration as their distributors are not good to be with them. On the other hand, the huge size of the company is also a great problem. And that is because the poor management or due to the huge product line. While to solve the problem the company should adopt the strategy of mass customization. The mass customization will allow the company to produce those products that are demanded by the customers and stop producing the products that are causing the extra cost. The company needs to know that which product is producing more profit in the end. The company’s biggest strength is the demand of products and its brand. So if the company launches the strategies

Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Setting - Essay Example The first scene is in his twenties where he is lonely, cold, bitter but also hopeful when he enters the circus. Although this early life is characterized by rough times, he still manages to get an escape to the circus when his parents died. The other scene is set in the nursing home with Jacob is in his nineties. In the nursing home, he is lonely too but life here is more permanent that in the circus setting. The fact that the story is set during the depression is very relevant. This is because the main theme of the story is based on the poor conditions and tough lives of the Americans during the great depression. As such, it emphasizes the high poverty levels. The people were too poor to afford even the food supplies due to loss of economic benefits. If it had been set in the Roaring 20s when jobs were plentiful and spirits high, it could not have expressed the theme of this story because people would have had plenty of resources to live comfortably. Apart from taking people from place to place, the train represents lack of permanence to the circus people. They have no permanent residence due to poor economic conditions and therefore, they have to move from place to place for commerce purposes. As such, the train is a representation of hope that the circus’s poor conditions will get

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example On the other hand, the huge size of the company is also a great problem. Above all, their distributors are not feeling good to work with them. Taking the above statement in which the company’s strength and weakness are shown the very first step the company should adopt is to launch a cost-leadership strategy. This strategy requires such steps that will lower its operational cost. As mentioned above that they have old manufacturing plants, showing that they lack technological advancement. The company needs to enhance their technological advancement that will lower their labor cots. The labor cost in western countries is very high. The famous companies are now substituting human labor with latest CNC machines. These machines have more operational productivity and provide flexibility. Therefore, company needs to enhance their technologies and should place new plant rather the old one. This technological advancement will provide sufficient affect on the cordless product thus improving the sales of cordless. As the company does not know clearly about its market share and for this they have to develop Research & Developme nt department for efficient research on the market in order to know the exact information. The company must adopt the vertical integration as their distributors are not good to be with them. On the other hand, the huge size of the company is also a great problem. And that is because the poor management or due to the huge product line. While to solve the problem the company should adopt the strategy of mass customization. The mass customization will allow the company to produce those products that are demanded by the customers and stop producing the products that are causing the extra cost. The company needs to know that which product is producing more profit in the end. The company’s biggest strength is the demand of products and its brand. So if the company launches the strategies

Designing a plan for collaboration Research Proposal

Designing a plan for collaboration - Research Proposal Example This demographic data is vital to the proposed collaborative plan as social status and lifestyle characteristics will impact the level of community involvement in the proposed collaborative program development and implementation. Reno maintains considerable volumes of city services designed to facilitate a higher quality of living for its citizens and improve the development capacity of the city. Some of these services related to community function include recreation facilities, the Neil Road Recreation Center, Summer Discovery Youth Camps, and the Community Assistance Center offering shelter and counseling facilities for disadvantaged or at risk citizens (reno.gov). These services are supported by the City Council, the Civil Service Commission, and the Recreation and Parks Commission (reno.gov). Coupled with the high presence of community-minded services is the Neighborhood Advisory Board designed to act as a forum for citizens to lodge complaints or propose suggestions on improving lifestyle in Reno (reno.gov). Active involvement of citizens in improvement objectives are welcomed and required in order for the collaborative program to find ultimate success. High instances of school violence and gang presence in Reno have created considerable community-level problems and impact the city budget significantly. It is proposed for Reno city officials to collaborate with the Washoe County School District, an organization that maintains a very low drop-out ratio in grades 9-12 that is far below the national average (education.com, 2008). Coupled with collaboration between the Regional Gang Unit, affiliated non-profits, and direct community involvement, a plan has been developed to prevent school violence and provide services to reduce gang presence in Reno. There are currently no services in place to provide this support for school and gang-related delinquency and this impacts budget and community lifestyle due to its neglect

Corn Cob Leaves Biomass Biosorption Industrial Wastewater Environmental Sciences Essay

Corn Cob Leaves Biomass Biosorption Industrial Wastewater Environmental Sciences Essay Corn cob and corn leaves waste is an affordable adsorbent for the removal of industrial contaminants like heavy metals. The present research work is designed to characterize the biosorption of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) from industrial waste using Corn cob and corn leaves waste biomass. Batch experiments will be carried out for the sorption of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) by using Corn cob, as well as entrapment in Na-alginate polymeric matrix. The effect of important operational parameters such as initial pH, initial metal concentration and contact time will be evaluated. Physicochemical parameters will be determined before and after biosorption and conditions will be optimized. Metal contents before and after biosorption will be analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The morphology of the surface of Corn cob and corn leaves biomass will be observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results will be analyzed using mean  ± and standard error of mean, to determine the p roper sorption the data will be fitted to equilibrium and kinetic model. INTRODUCTION The treatment of high volumes of wastewater containing low concentrations of pollutants is becoming increasingly important as discharge regulations become more stringent. The treatment and disposal of liquid effluents from leather tanning and textile industries are a serious problem due to their Cr(III) contents (Kotas et al.2000). Although Cr(III) is less toxic than Cr(VI), a cancer-causing agent, Cr(III) may be a toxic metal when present at high concentrations (Blasiak et al.2000). Since heavy metal ions are not biodegradable, they are usually removed from the contaminated water by physical or chemical treatment processes. Conventional treatment methods (precipitation, membrane separation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis and electrolysis etc.) are not often feasible because of high treatment cost, the need for continuous input of chemicals, and the production of toxic sludge (Akar et al. 2006). However these techniques proved ineffective in remaining within Cr(III) discharge limits (1-2mg/dm3) of industrial effluents (Geundi et al 1997). As a result, the use of alternative treatments such as ion exchange, carbon adsorption, membrane filtration, electroseparation, and bioaccumulation has been applied in polishing these effluents (Alves et al 1993). However, such processes may be ineffective and extremely expensive. Bioadsorption, on the other hand, is an emerging technology that also works to overcome the selectivity disadvantages of traditional decontamination pr ocesses. (Unz et al 1996). Biosorption technology is based on the interaction between toxic metals and the binding functional groups on the cell wall structure of the microorganisms or plants. These are mainly composed of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins. Biosorption has recognized as a potential alternative method over the conventional separation techniques. This process utilizes live, dead, pretreated and immobilized forms of biological cells like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and agriculture waste as sorbent materials (Gadd, 1990). Removal of heavy metals from wastewaters through adsorption, particularly biosorption, has emerged as an alternative technology. A variety of biomaterials and microorganisms have been explored by researchers for biosorption and bioaccumulation including fungi and agriculture waste materials (Fourest et al 1994). Biosorption may occur actively through metabolism or passively through some physical and chemical processes. A biosorbents immobilization procedure is necessary for the industrial application of biosorption [7].Immobilization of the agriculture waste in some suitable matrix like silica gel, polyurethane or alginate has proved useful in industrial application. The physical entrapment of the agriculture waste inside a polymeric gel in the form of beads is one of the most widely used techniques for immobilization which not only tackles the above problem but also provides mechanical strength, rigidity and porosity characteristics to the biosorbents. Further, the metal can be reco vered from the loaded beads using appropriate desorption techniques, thereby, minimizing the possibilities of environmental contamination (Lu et al 1995). Everywhere in the world corn are cultivated as important crop. Corn is Pakistans third most important cereal after wheat and rice. The use of corn in Pakistan for direct human consumption is declining, but its utilization in the feed and wet milling industry is growing at a much faster pace than anticipated. Currently, sufficient corn is grown in Pakistan for domestic needs and there is neither a surplus nor deficit in corn grain supplies. Currently except potato maize is the most profitable, stable and dependable agricultural crop in Pakistan. (Tariq et al 2010). Corn cob and corn leaves are one of the most plentiful and important agriculture waste in maize cultivation accounts for up to 50% of the total corn seed production. Immature cobs are boiled and eaten as corn on the cob or the grains may be removed and eaten as vegetable, or it may be canned. More mature cobs are roasted. The cobs are used for fuel, smoking pork products, and are also as source for charcoal (Sultana et al. 2007). , c The present study is designed to study the usefulness of immobilized corn cob and corn leaves agriculture waste biomass as a biosorbent for Cr(IIl) and Cr(Vl) from aquous industrial waste from tanneries to evaluate the effect of different experimental variables like pH, initial metal concentration and contact time. After biosorption the morphology of the surface of corn cob and corn leaves biomass with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) will be observed. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The present study is aimed: To investigate the potential of dried corn cob and corn leaves biomass and entrapment of biomass in Na-alginate polymeric matrix. To study the biosorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. To observe the effect of different conditions such as pH, initial metal concentration and time required for establishment of equilibrium. To evaluate the various methods for improving the metal ion removal capacities of corn cob and corn leaves. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Krishna et al. (2005) studied the possibility of using moss (Funaria hygrometrica), immobilized in a polysilicate matrix as substrate for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in various water samples has been investigated. Experiments were performed to optimize conditions such as pH, amount of sorbent and flow rate, to achieve the quantitative separation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). During all the steps of the separation process, Cr(III)was selectively sorbed on the column of immobilized moss in the pH range of 4-8 while, Cr(VI) was found to remain in solution. The retained Cr(III) was subsequently eluted with 10 ml of 2 mol là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 HNO3. A pre-concentration factor of about 20 was achieved for Cr(III) when, 200 ml of water was passed. The immobilized moss was packed in a home made mini-column and incorporated in flow injection system for obtaining calibration plots for both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at low ppb levels that were compared with the plots obtained without column. After separat ion, the chromium (Cr) species were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The sorption capacity of the immobilized moss was found to be 11.5 mg gà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 for Cr(III). The effect of various interfering ions has also been studied. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in spiked and real wastewater samples and recoveries were found to be >95%. Anjan et al.(2007). analysed Biosorption of Cr(VI) using native strains of cyanobacteria from metal contaminated soil in the premises of textile mill. Biosorption reported as a function of pH (1-5), contact time (5-180 min) and initial chromium ion concentration (5-20 mg/l) to find out the maximum biosorption capacity of alginate immobilized Nostoc calcicola HH-12 and Chroococcus sp. HH-11. The optimum conditions for Cr(VI) biosorption are almost same for the two strains (pH 3-4, contact time 30 min and initial chromium concentration of 20 mg/l) however, the biomass of Chroococcus sp. HH-11 was found to be more suitable for the development of an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater, as it showed higher values of qm and Kf, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters. Both the isotherm models were suitable for describing the biosorption of Cr(VI) by the cyanobacterial biosorbents. Gao et al. (2008) analysed the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by rice straw, a surplus agricultural by product . The optimal pH was 2.0 and Cr(VI) removal rate increased with decreased Cr(VI) concentration and with increased temperature. Decrease in straw particle size led to an increase in Cr(VI) removal. Equilibrium was achieved in about 48 h under standard conditions, and Cr(III), which appeared in the solution and remained stable thereafter, indicating that both reduction and adsorption played a part in the Cr(VI) removal. The increase of the solution pH suggested that protons were needed for the Cr(VI) removal. A relatively high level of NOà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 notably restrained the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), while high level of SOà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢24 supported it. The promotion of the tartaric acid modified rice straw (TARS) and the slight inhibition of the esterified rice straw (ERS) on Cr(VI) removal indicated that carboxyl groups present on the biomass played an i mportant role in chromium remediation even though were not fully responsible for it. Isotherm tests showed that equilibrium sorption data were better represented by Langmuir model and the sorption capacity of rice straw was found to be 3.15 mg/g. Li et al. (2008) investigated the comparative study on adsorptions of Pb(ll) and (CrVl) ions by free cells and immobilized cells of Synechococcus sp. ,in which different aspects including Zeta potential of the cells, the influence of pH, temperature and initial concentration of metal ions, as well as adsorption kinetics and mechanism were referred. The lyophilized free cells have a surface isoelectric point at pH 3, and the correlative experiment indicates that there is an electrostatic adsorption feature of Cr(Vl) and Pb(ll). The immobilization of the free cells by Ca-alginate does not significantly modify the adsorption features of the biosorbent. The absorption processes of Cr(Vl) and Pb(ll) on both free and immobilized cells are apparently affected by pH and the initial concentration of metal ions in the bulk solution, but are much weakly affected by temperature in the test range of 10à ¢- ¦C-50à ¢- ¦C. The slow course of biosorption follows the first order kinetic model, t he adsorption of Pb(ll) obeys both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, while the adsorption of Cr(Vl) obeys only Freundlich model. FT-IR results indicate that carboxylic, alcoholic, amide and amino groups are responsible for the binding of the metal ions, and reduction of Cr(lll) to Cr(Vl) takes place after Cr(Vl) adsorbs electrostatically onto the surface of the biosorbents. Park et al. (2008) analysed agricultural biowastes such as banana skin, green tea waste, oak leaf, walnut shell, peanut shell and rice husk, banana skin screened as the most efficient biomaterial to remove toxic Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study revealed that the mechanism of Cr(VI) biosorption by banana skin was its complete reduction into Cr(III) in both aqueous and solid phases and partial binding of the reduced-Cr(III), in the range of pH 1.5-4 tested. One gram of banana skin could reduce 249.6 ( ±4.2) mg of Cr(VI) at initial pH 1.5. Namely, Cr(VI)-reducing capacity of banana skin was four times higher than that of a common chemical Cr(VI)-reductant, FeSO4.7H2O. To diminish undesirable/serious organic leaching from the biomaterial and to enhance removal efficiency of total Cr, its powder was immobilized within Ca-alginate bead. The developed Cr(VI)-biosorbent could completely reduce toxic Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) and could remove alm ost of the reduced-Cr(III) from aqueous phase. On the basis of removal mechanisms of Cr(VI)and total Cr by the Cr(VI)-biosorbent, a kinetic model was derived and could be successfully used to predict their removal behaviors in aqueous phase. In conclusion, our Cr(VI)-biosorbent must be a potent candidate to substitute for chemical reductants as well as adsorbents for treating Cr(VI)-bearing waste waters. Alez et al. (2009) investigated the biosorption of Cr(III) onto packed columns of Agave lechuguilla using an advective-dispersive (AD) model and its analytical solution. Characteristic parameters such as axial dispersion coefficients, retardation factors, and distribution coefficients were predicted as functions of inlet ion metal concentration, time, flow rate, bed density, cross-sectional column area, and bed length. The root mean square error (RMSE) values 0.122, 0.232, and 0.285 corresponding to the flow rates of 1, 2, and 3 (10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3)dm3 minà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, respectively,indicated that the AD model provides an excellent approximation of the simulation of lumped breakthrough curves for the adsorption of Cr(III) by lechuguilla biomass. Therefore,the model can be used for design purposes to predict the effect of varying operational conditions. Chen et al. (2010) analysed Cr(III) ionic imprinted membrane adsorbents Cr(III)-PVA/SA) by blending sodium alginate (SA) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). In these new membrane adsorbents, polyethylene glycol was used as porogen, and glutaraldehyde was the cross-linking agent. Our new developed membrane adsorbents can be used without centrifugation and filtration. To investigate the adsorption kinetics of Cr(III) ions from aqueous solution onto this newly developed Cr(III)-PVA/SA, we performed a batch of experiments under different conditions by changing the concentration of Cr(III) ions in the Cr(III)-PVA/SA, pH value of the solution, adsorbent dose, initial Cr(III) ions concentration, adsorption temperature and contact time. Our Cr(III)-PVA/SA exhibited the maximum Cr(III) ions uptake capacity of 59.9 mg/g under the following conditions: 0.078 wt% of Cr(III) ions in the Cr(III)-PVA/SA, solution pH value of 6.0, adsorbent dose of 0.5 g/L, the initial Cr(III) ions concentration of 50 mg/ L, at 25 à ¢- ¦C. To study the mechanism of adsorption process, we examined the intra-particular diffusion model, Lagergren pseudo-first-order kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and found pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited the best correlation with our experimental data. Furthermore, our adsorption equilibrium data could be better described by the Langmuir equation. Competitive adsorption studies of the binary system of Cr(III)/Cu(II), Cr(III)/Cd(II) and the ternary system of Cr(III)/Cu(II)/Cd(II) were also investigated using Cr(III)-PVA/SA, the results indicated that selectively adsorbed amount of Cr(III) ion on Cr(III)- PVA/SA is significantly higher than that of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions. We also used five times consecutive adsorption-desorption experiments to show that the Cr(III)-PVA/SA has high adsorption and desorption efficiencies. Huang et al.( 2010) studied a new approach for the preparation of tannin-immobilized adsorbent by using mesoporous silica bead as the supporting matrix. Bayberry tannin-immobilized mesoporous silica bead (BT-SiO2) was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to verify the crystallinity, field-emission scanning electron microscopy to observe the surface morphology, and surface area and porosity analyzer to measure the mesoporous porous structure. Subsequently, the adsorption experiments to Cr(III) were applied to evaluate the adsorption performances of BT-SiO2. It was found that the adsorption of Cr(III) onto BT-SiO2 was pH-dependent, and the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained in the pH range of 5.0-5.5. The adsorption capacity was 1.30mmolgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 at 303K and pH 5.5 when the initial concentration of Cr(III) was 2.0mmolLà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. Based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HNMR) analyses, the adsorption mechanism of Cr(III) on BT-SiO2 was proved to be a che lating interaction. The adsorption kinetic data can be well described using pseudo-first-order model and the equilibrium data can be well fitted by the Langmuir isothermal model. Importantly, no bayberry tannin was leached out during the adsorption process and BT-SiO2 can simultaneously remove coexisting metal ions from aqueous solutions. In conclusion, this study provides a new strategy for the preparation of tannin-immobilized adsorbents that are highly effective in removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Kathiravan et al. (2010) studied the external mass transfer effects on the reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) using calcium alginate immobilized Bacillus sp. in a re-circulated packed bed batch reactor (RPBR). The effect of flow rate on the reduction Cr(VI) was studied. Theoretically calculated rate constants for various flow rates were analyzed using external film diffusion models and compared with experimental values. The external mass transfer coefficients for the bioconversion of Cr(VI) were also investigated. The external mass transfer effect was correlated with a model of the type JD = K, Re (1-n). The model was tested with various K values and the mass transfer correlation JD = 5.7, Re=0.70 was found to predict the experimental data accurately. The proposed model would be useful for the design of industrial reactor and scale. Ansari et al. (2011) immobilized Rosa centifolia and Rosa gruss an teplitz distillation waste biomass using sodium alginate for Pb(II) uptake from aqueous solutions under varied experimental conditions. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption occurred at pH 5. Immobilized rose waste biomasses weremodified physically and chemically to enhance Pb(II) removal. The Langmuir sorption isothermand pseudosecond- order kinetic models fitted well to the adsorption data of Pb(II) by immobilized Rosa centifolia and Rosa gruss an teplitz. The adsorbed metal is recovered by treating immobilized biomass with different chemical reagents (H2SO4, HCl and H3PO4) and maximum Pb(II) recovered when treated with sulphuric acid (95.67%). The presence of cometals Na, Ca(II), Al(III), Cr(III), Cr(VI), and Cu(II), reduced Pb(II) adsorption on Rosa centifolia and Rosa gruss an teplitz waste biomass. It can be concluded from the results of the present study that rose waste can be effectively used for the uptake of Pb(II) from aqueous streams.

Comparing The Sick Rose by William Blake and Fog by Carl Sandburg Essay

Comparing "The Sick Rose" by William Blake and "Fog" by Carl Sandburg In this assignment I will gracefully compare and contrast two short poems. In my selection for the poems, I kept in mind that the two poems needed to have something in common metaphorically or thematically. After many hours of browsing I came upon two poems that contained an ultimately strange connection metaphorically and in content. Interestingly, the two also had numerous differences. The first poem I encountered was "The Sick Rose" written by William Blake in 1794. Soon after, I read "Fog" (1916) by Carl Sandburg and I began to notice an exciting connection filled with various exceptions of chief differences. Although the poems were written more than a century apart from each other, after rereading them numerous times, they left me with an unimaginable amount of thinking and writing ground. Comparison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two poems "The Sick Rose" and "Fog" are very much alike in the sense that they both use the introduction of weather and animals to shape the poem and give the reader a sense of displeasure. In "The Sick Rose" the poet introduces a worm and storm and in "Fog" the poet uses the fog and a cat. The subject matter is perhaps similar in these two poems with the fact that both poems embody foul weather that prevent life from flowing in its normal path. To be more specific, a storm destroys plants, animals, and life in general, while a fog blocks out the sun and its energy to spring life. In "Fog" the poet, Carl Sandburg, uses the weather condition of a fog as the main subject matter for his poem. The entire poem is literally focused on the fog above the city and harbor. Using a metaphor, Sandburg makes the fog come to life as if it actually had its own eyes to be able to overlook the city. The fog takes the shape of a cat as it "sits looking over harbor and city" (570). Like a cat, the fog sits on silent haunches. Personally, Sandburg’s words created a mental picture of a black/grayish, dirty, street cat wandering silently in the alleys of an industrious city observing the streets on top of a half-century old brick building. This engaging metaphor is what makes the fog come to life and also creates its consciousness of the harbor and city that it overlooks. Although the metaphor is being used to show a similarity in the two poems, it will be most significant later on... ...escribe how peaceful and silent the fog is and how it just comes and goes in silence leaving no trace behind. Sandburg’s approach produces imagery of calmness, silence, and perhaps unimportance. This is strongly reflected with the last line "and then moves on." (570) In contrast, Blake’s tone and attitude is intense and violent, almost provocative at times. It utterly creates weight and importance on the sick rose. One example is how he starts out using an exclamation in his first line as he speaks to the rose in anguish. In conclusion, "Fog" because of its use of metaphor and calm tone tends to focus more on developing a strong, temperate image, (more on description), while "The Sick Rose" uses fierce, moving words to create strong feelings as it concludes with death, grief, and great emotional sorrow. The Sick Rose William Blake O Rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm, Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. (1794) Fog Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on. (1916)

Athletes Essay -- Sports, High Salary

How much money does the average person really need to be able to eat three times a day, have a roof over their head, send their children to school and have a car? All this could be done on an income between $30,000 and $40,000 easily. But somehow it was decided that people who labour harder than most, city workers, janitors and factory workers, would be paid less than someone who sits behind a desk all day or someone who plays a game for a living. Today athletes are the highest paid people in the country, with the exception of Donald Trump and his toupee. It is ridiculous to believe that someone is really worth hundreds of millions of dollars, and all they have to do is play a sport that millions of people would play for free if given the chance. Therefore, I strongly believe that professional athletes are overpaid due to several reasons. Schingle stated that personal athletes get paid what the market will bear (2008). If attendance at sporting events were to decrease, or advertising dollars were to dry up, they would start getting paid less (Schingle 2008). Since professional sports are a form of entertainment, Schingle said that in America, people pay for their entertainers dearly (2008). Moreover, Schingle compared sports with other field which is Hollywood where he stated that actors are also overpaid in their industry (2008). Bate stressed that most people are jealous that they keep complaining about athlete’s pays (2008). Some people claimed that they pay the athlete’s wages through the ticket money but they did not realize that the endless demand for the tickets and the thirst for the game is what created the high wages (Bate 2008). An athlete has to sacrifice a lot to reach the top of his profession which is being a pr... ... in Africa who are dying from hunger (2008). On top of that, the money can be used for other beneficial things such as increase the salary of doctors, engineers, low paid factory workers working 12 hours a day and make this world a better place to live in (Wadhwa 2008). Lastly, Wadhwa stressed that athletes entertain us but they do not save lives or make this world a better place to live, like doctors and other workers who spend the whole life time just earning enough to survive (Wadhwa 2008). In conclusion, the reason that the athletes are overpaid because of the market demand is not acceptable because the individual’s greed, the owner’s greed and the fact that sports are only for entertainment make it clear that athletes are overpaid for no beneficial reasons. The government should control the flow of money and use it for the development of the country.

Different generations in Dubliners by James Joyce Essay

Dubliners: Choose one story from the collection and discuss how Joyce depicts relationships between people of different generations. In your answer you should: * Explain your own view of the treatment of the young by old people; * Look closely at the effects of Joyce’s narrative methods and language; * Comment on how the story relates to the concerns and methods of the novel as a whole. In Eveline Joyce portrays two generations, namely Eveline and her parents. Unlike the narrators in the previous stories, Eveline is an adult but the entrapment of the narrators remains constant with her. The main treatment of the young is of Eveline by her father. Her father, an alcoholic, abuses his daughter, â€Å"Even now, though she was nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father’s violence. She knew it was that that had given her palpitations.† He makes her work but takes away her wages to throw away on drink, saying that she would â€Å"squander† the money, having â€Å"no head†. He is ungrateful for the hard work she does and ridicules her. Like Dublin, her father is stifling and oppressive and while she is with him she can never be happy or prosper. Also her work colleagues treat her unfairly, another example of the mistreatment of the young by their elders. On wondering what they will think to her moving away, she says they would â€Å"say she was a fool, perhaps; and her place would be filled up by advertisement. Mrs Gavan would be glad.† She says â€Å"She would not cry many tears at leaving the Stores. But in her new home, in a distant unknown country, it would not be like that.† Although she hates the lack of respect her colleagues have for her, her work is familiar, like her home life, and though it is dismal, it is assured. Eveline is in keeping with the stages-of-life structure of the novel whereby the narrator of each successive story is older than the last. Eveline is an adult, a young women of marrying age, but like the narrators of the first three stories preceding her own, she is controlled by the older generations. Eveline has more responsibilities than the previous narrators and her financial situation is worse but Joyce blurs the distinction between her adulthood and the children of the previous stories with her recollection of childhood memories. She recalls when â€Å"they seemed to have been rather happy then. Her father was not so bad then; and besides, her mother was alive.† The subject matter is more adolescent and the ideas of love and romance are introduced, having only previously being presented in the form of the boy’s unrequited crush in Araby. However, Eveline seems to distance herself from everyone around her and does not appear to feel very much love. Although she seems very attached to the familiarity of home, she â€Å"knows† her family rather than â€Å"loves† them – â€Å"In her home anyway she had shelter and food; she had those whom she had known all her life.† Equally, she does not appear to love Frank, but merely likes him – he was â€Å"very kind, manly, open hearted.† Although this story marks a shift to a third person narrative, Joyce uses the technique of streams of consciousness to convey the narrators’ thoughts. When Eveline has her epiphany, her sudden realisation of how terrible her life really is, this techinique is used: â€Å"Escape! She must escape! Frank would save her. He would give her life, perhaps love, too. But she wanted to live. Why should she be unhappy? She had a right to happiness. Frank would take her in his arms, fold her in his arms. He would save her.† The ellipse follows this, taking the action to the dock where she is to leave. This acts to build tension as the reader is sure Eveline will leave. By saying that â€Å"She prayed to god, to direct her, to show her what was her duty† Joyce is commenting on religion as if God has instructed Eveline to make the wrong decision and stay in Dublin. Likewise, in the previous stories he has presented priests very negatively and has hinted at the repressive nature of the Irish church, religion being another of the omnipresent themes in Dubliners. The recurrent themes of entrapment and paralysis play an important part in Eveline with the title character being trapped in the stagnant Dublin by her abusive, domineering father. Joyce makes clear her desire for something more as â€Å"She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue† but duty bound she wastes her opportunity to escape. It is she that looks after the house and the children, her brothers – â€Å"It was hard work – a hard life – but now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life.† This shows the extent of her feelings of duty and her entrapment as she will suffer with the familiar rather than escape to the uncertain. Although she is terrified of ending up like her mother, whose â€Å"life of common place sacrifice closed in final craziness†, she feels obliged to stay to face the same inevitable future of misery. There is also a strong element of fear, of her father and of her lover but predominantly of the unknown – life outside the safe misery of Dublin. The treatment of Eveline by her father, and to a lesser extent her work colleagues, is typical of the treatment of the young in Dubliners. In The Sisters, Araby, and An Encounter children are repressed and controlled by adults including parents, teachers and churchmen. Throughout the novel Joyce depicts trans-generational relationships in a negative light, with most of them being very unbalanced and unfair. In Eveline the father is controlling and ungrateful and uses his power to keep Eveline from escaping Dublin, in the hope of a happy future. The main theme of entrapment dominates this story with Eveline trapped by fear and duty in the stagnant Dublin, trapped in the claustrophobic confines of her home.

How Do Men View Women

How Do Men View Women There are different variables that play into why women are viewed as objects. In today’s society media plays a role on how men view women. As one can see on television commercials and magazines, this adds to why men view women as sexual objects. Although all women are not the same and are individually different, the question remains how should a man look at a woman? In the passage, Looking at Women written by Scott Russell Sanders, he uses different examples to demonstrate the connection between how women present themselves and how they are viewed by men.The following rhetorical strategies are being used by Sanders to make his argument: begging the question, causal relationship, and backing. Sanders uses begging the question when he describes his first sexually attracting experience at the age of eleven. Him and his friend Norman sat in their car as the young girl with the pink shorts walks by. He tried to understand how the young girl had the ability to make him feel the way he did. He states, â€Å"I sank into the seat, and tried to figure out what power had sprung from that sashaying girl to zap me in the belly† (180).Did the young girls dressing in reveling clothes and walking around presenting her self the way she did cause him to shift from one world to the next? The passage mentions that the girl left very little to the imagination as her pink halter bared her stomach. Sanders also demonstrates begging the question in his passage when he goes into depth explaining his first encounter with a naked woman through photographs. He explained as he entered college his roommate hanged photos of playboy magazines. Further he describes that he would dwell over the poster and ask himself why did he see them as objects and not human beings.As mention before this contributes to why woman are viewed as sexual objects. The second rhetorical strategy used by Sanders is casual relationship. He explains how he invented mythical lives fo r the woman in the playboy photos. Further he adds how he has put woman in just another category of objects for sale along side sports car and liquor. Nonetheless, he felt that the women in the photos humanity were reduced. He elaborates on how this effected on how he viewed women as he mentions, â€Å"How did it affect my way of seeing ther woman, those who would never dream lying nude on a fake tiger rug before the million- faceted eye of a camera† (182). Sander feels that through pornography that respect for woman has been lost. Sadly women are no longer seen as human beings with goals and a life of their own, but rather as objects. As Sanders describes, â€Å"woman in the photo would become merely another category for sale† (182). Casual relationship is demonstrated by the way men view woman due to how they are presented. As Sanders explains in the passage whatever the women’s motives, these women had chosen to put themselves on display.Lastly the author dem onstrates backing by using other sources in his passage to substantiate his argument and make his point. Sander states, â€Å"While he was president, Jimmy Carter raised a brouhaha by confessing in a playboy interview . . . that he occasionally felt lust in his heart for woman† (183). Sanders used numerous backing when talking about men lusting over women. He emphasizes that media causes men to focus on women’s sexuality. Sanders also used American poet and physician Carlos Williams to further elaborate on backing. Williams admits, â€Å"I am extremely sexual in my desires . . . A man does with it what his mind directs† (183).Sanders explained how William has spoken for men and how they think. The author also demonstrates how writers did not have respect for women, as Simone de Beauvoir clarified in his novel, The Second Sex, refusing to show the good in women; but rather focus on women’s sexuality. Beauvoir states, â€Å"She arouses in him in submissive ly making herself a thing† (184). Sander further explains that women dress themselves as dolls, and he doubts that men are entirely to blame for the women turning into sexual dolls. The author is explaining that not only men are to blame for women being viewed as sexual objects.Yet, women add to this view by how they present themselves through the media. In the beginning of Looking at Women Sanders tell a story of seeing a young girl walking down the street. That was the beginning of his never-ending battle, for trying to see women for what they are human beings and not objects. He sums up why he thinks men degrade women, and how men should look at women. Throughout his passage he uses the above rhetorical strategies to persuade his audience in his argument. Works cited Sanders, Scott R. The Norton Reader: An Anthology of Nonfiction. 13th ed. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2012. Print